{"id":625,"date":"2008-03-24T08:51:00","date_gmt":"2008-03-24T12:51:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/thenonsequitur.com\/?p=625"},"modified":"2008-03-24T08:51:00","modified_gmt":"2008-03-24T12:51:00","slug":"socrates-is-mortal","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/thenonsequitur.com\/?p=625","title":{"rendered":"Socrates is mortal"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Check out this entertaining trope from William Kristol&#8217;s op-ed <a href=\"http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2008\/03\/24\/opinion\/24kristol.html?ref=opinion\">today <\/a>in the New York Times.&nbsp; He gives three arguments that have the form of the enthymeme&#8211;the argument missing a conclusion or premise&#8211;but none of the validity necessary to make such arguments effective.&nbsp;&nbsp; He writes: <\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p> But orators <strong>often <\/strong>ask themselves the convenient questions, not the difficult ones. And Barack Obama is an accomplished orator.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p> And<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>After all, politicians <strong>sometimes <\/strong>indulge in ridiculous and unfair<br \/>\ncomparisons to make a point. And Barack Obama is an able politician.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>And<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p> But ambitious men <strong>sometimes <\/strong>do a disservice to the best in their own communities. And Barack Obama is an ambitious man.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>As you can see, these have the form of a categorical syllogism&#8211;a two-premised deductive argument consisting of categorical statements.&nbsp; Here&#8217;s a more famous example:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>All men are mortal, and Socrates is a man.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Same form, save for the first premise.&nbsp; For Kristol&#8217;s arguments here to be valid deductive ones (and perhaps sound ones as well), he needs to drop the qualifier (the &quot;often&quot; or &quot;sometimes&quot;).&nbsp; For his arguments might as well say:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Sometimes men are mortal, and indeed Socrates is a man.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Is Socrates mortal?&nbsp; Can&#8217;t really tell by that argument.&nbsp; Does Barack Obama do the things in the arguments above?&nbsp; Can&#8217;t really tell.&nbsp;  He might or he might not.&nbsp; But it doesn&#8217;t follow from the fact that he is a politician that he will engage in &quot;ridiculous and unfair comparisons to make a point.&quot;&nbsp;  <\/p>\n<p>Well, ok.&nbsp; If we stretch the principle of charity to the breaking point, we might read the first premise another way:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>All orators often ask themselves convenient questions. . . . <\/li>\n<li>All politicians sometimes indulge. . . .<\/li>\n<li>All ambitious men sometimes. . . .<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>That would make Kristol&#8217;s enthymemes valid, but ridiculously unsound.&nbsp; Besides, that&#8217;s not what he means.&nbsp; <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Check out this entertaining trope from William Kristol&#8217;s op-ed today in the New York Times.&nbsp; He gives three arguments that have the form of the enthymeme&#8211;the argument missing a conclusion or premise&#8211;but none of the validity necessary to make such arguments effective.&nbsp;&nbsp; He writes: But orators often ask themselves the convenient questions, not the difficult &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/thenonsequitur.com\/?p=625\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Socrates is mortal<\/span> <span class=\"meta-nav\">&rarr;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[31,1,97],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-625","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-formal-fallacies","category-general","category-illicit-major"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/thenonsequitur.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/625","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/thenonsequitur.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/thenonsequitur.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thenonsequitur.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thenonsequitur.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=625"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/thenonsequitur.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/625\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/thenonsequitur.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=625"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thenonsequitur.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=625"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/thenonsequitur.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=625"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}